CH. 15 - Classification

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Keywords

1. Taxonomic Classification

1. Order of classification - kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, species

2. Taxonomy - science of classification and nomenclature used

2. Classification into Kingdoms

1. Animalis - heterotrophic, motile generally, differentiation of tissues

2. Fungi - non-photosynthetic that's either saprophytic or parasitic. Cell wall made of chitin.  Non-motile, differentiated and multicellular

3. Monera - simple prokaryotes without nucleus nor any membrane bound organelles

4. Plantae - photosynthetic, multicellular, non-motile, differentiation of tissues

5. Protista - simple primitive eukaryotic organisms, a catchall kingdom

3. Virus

1. Bacteriophage - virus that specifically invade bacteria only

2. Lysogenic - invades, then lay dormant

3. Lytic - blows whatever they invade up, fast division

4. Virus - not placed in any of the kingdoms because it's not considered alive

4. Kingdom Monera

1. Bacteria - single cell, with cell wall, single double stranded circular DNA

2. Cyanobacteria - one of the very first photosynthetic organisms

5. Kingdom Protista

1. Algae - photosynthetic organisms like euglena

2. Ciliophors - type of protozoan in kingdom prista.  Have cilia

3. Coenocytic - many nuclei in a mass of protoplasm

4. Protozoa - heterotrophic little animals

5. Rhizopod - a type of protozoan in kingdom Protista.  Like amoeba

6. Kingdom Fungi

1. Sproulation - forming spores and with wind or animals, this is spread and new fungi is formed

7. Kingdom Plantae

1. Angiosperms - flowering plants with covered seeds

2. Dicotyledons - net veined leaves with two cotyledons within seed.

3. Gymnosperms - plants with naked-seeds

4. Monocotyledons - leaves with parallel veins, seed with single cotyledons

8. Kingdom Animalia

1. Alimentation - intake of food and the process of digestion

2. Annelida - segmented worm like earthworm, leeches

3. Arthropods - can be insects, archnids, crustaceans

4. Bony fish - notochord replaced by bony skeleton.  Most fishes

5. Calcareous - calcium carbonate secretion from mollusca for exoskeleton

6. Cartilaginous fish - jaws and teeth with reduced notochord

7. Chordates - characterized by presence of notochord

8. Coelom - body cavity

9. Cnidarians - jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral

10. Echinoderms - spiny, radially symmetrical. Starfish or sea urchin

11. Jawless fish - eel-like with cartilaginous internal skeleton, retain notochord

12. Mollusca - soft bodied possessing mantle and secrete calcium carbonate exoskeleton like squid, snails, clams

13. Monetremes - type of mammal that lay leather egg with horny bill and milk glands

14. Nematoda - round worm like hookworm, trichina

15. Notochord - stiff dorsal rod found in chordates

16. Platyhelminthes - flat worms like planarian

17. Porifera - sponges

18. Vertebrates - most advanced subphylum of chordates.  The vertebrate replaces notochord of the embryo

Taxonomic Classification

1. Taxonomy

1. Modern classification seeks to group organisms based on evolutionary relationships

2. Takes into account anatomical, structural, excretory, movement, digestion, genetic, biochemical, etc

3. Organization from broadest to smallest/specific

2. Classification and Subdivisions

1. 5 Kingdoms

1. Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

2. Further subdivided into phyla

2. Phyla/Division

1. Major groupings of animal

2. Division is used for grouping in other kingdoms

3. Subphyla/subdivision

4. Classes

5. Orders

6. Families

7. Genera

8. Species

3. Assignment of scientific names

1. All organisms are assigned Genus and species name

Classification into Kingdoms (modern approach)

1. Monera

1. Prokaryotes

2. Lack nucleus or any membrane bound organelles

3. Usually bacteria

2. Protista

1. Primitive eukaryotic organisms with both plant and animal like characteristics

2. Single cell or colonies of single cells

3. Each protist able to carry out all the life processes

4. Contains all the simple eukaryotes that cannot be assigned as plants or animals

1. A catchall group

3. Fungi

1. Non-photosynthetic plants

1. Resemble plants in that they are

1. Multicellular

2. Differentiated

3. Non-motile

2. Either saprophytic or parasitic

3. Modes of reproduction are unique and varied

4. Cell walls composed of chitin, not cellulose

4. Plantae

1. Multicellular organisms that exhibit

1. differentiation in tissues

2. Photosynthetic

3. Non-motile

2. Most has alternation of generation and distinct embryonic phase

5. Animalia

1. Multicellular, generally motile, heterotrophic organisms with differentiated tissues and organs

Viruses

1. General

1. Not considered as living organism, so not placed in any of the five kingdoms

2. Highly advanced parasites

3. Have lytic or lysogenic life cycles

4. Contains either RNA or DNA

5. Bacteriophages - invade bacteria exclusively

Kingdom Monera

1. General

1. Also called bacteria

2. Prokaryotic

3. Exists as single cells, or as aggregates of cells that stick together after division

2. Cyanobacteria

1. Also called blue-green algae

2. Lives primarily in fresh water, but can also be in marine

3. Possess

1. Cell wall

2. Photosynthetic pigments

3. No flagella, no true nucleus, no chloroplasts, no mitochondria

4. Can withstand extreme temperatures

5. Believe to be descended from the first organism which are photosynthetic

3. Other Bacteria

1. Single celled prokaryotes with single doubled stranded circular loop of DNA not enclosed in membrane

2. All have cell wall

3. Active role in biogeochemical cycles (ie nitrogen/carbon cycle)

4. Classified by their shape

1. Cocci - round

2. Bacilli - rod like

3. Spiralla - spiral

4. Diplococci - duplexes

5. Staphylococci - clusters

6. Streptococci - chains

Kindom Protista

1. General

1. Most are unicellular, but some forms colonies

2. Eukaryotes and posses membrane bound nucleus and organelle

3. Two major category of protozoa and algae

2. Protozoa

1. Single celled organisms that are heterotrophic

1. Like little animals

2. Rhizopods - types of amoeba

3. Ciliophors - types of protozoan with cilias

3. Algae

1. Primarily photosynthetic organisms

1. Includes phytoplankton that many marine organisms lives off of

2. Euglena - a type of algal protista because it photosynthesizes

1. Can act as heterotrophs and move about with its flagellum

4. Protists Resembling Fungi

1. Slime molds are often placed in kingdom Fungi

2. Arranged in coenocytic mass of protoplasm

1. Has animal-like and plant-like stages

3. Reproduce asexually via sporulation

Kingdom Fungi

1. General

1. Eukaryotes, primarily multicellular

2. All are heterotrophs

3. May be saprophytic or parasitic, either way, fungi absorbs nutrients from environment

4. Produces via asexual sporulation or complex sexual process

Kingdom Plantae

1. General

1. Multicellular, non-motile, photosynthetic autotrophs

2. Differentiation of Tissues

1. Complex and differentiated

2. Photosynthetic layer of tissue that contains chloroplast for manufacturing of carbohydrates

3. Supportive tissues to hold the plant upright and transport nutrients

4. Specialized rhizoids and complex root that project into the soil

5. Waxy cuticles to prevent water loss and permits light to go through

6. Cells that open up in day and closes at night

3. Reproduction

1. Specialized sex organs in gametophytes that can produce egg and sperm

2. Undergoes alternation of generation

1. Sexual gametophyte (haploid stage)

2. Followed by asexual sporophyte stage (diploid stage)

4. Division Bryophyta

1. General

1. Bryophytes are simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues

2. Lack water-conducting woody material (xylem)

3. Must live in moist environments

4. Reproduction

1. Undergo alternation of generations

2. Gametophyte is dominant generation

3. Sporophyte is short-lived and attached to gametophyte

1. Grows from the archegonium

2. Mosses

1. Primitive bryophytes

2. Sporophyte and gametophyte grows together

3. Liverworts

1. Flat horizontal leaf-like plants with differentiated dorsal and ventral surfaces

5. Division Tracheophyta

1. General

1. Tracheophyte

2. Complex vascular plants with great degree of cell differentiation

3. Contain vascular tissue of xylem (water), and phloem (food)

4. Have radial symmetry and anchored by deep roots

5. Can grow to great height

6. Sporophyte generation is dominant

2. Division Psilophyta

1. Most primitive of the tracheophytes and contain rhizoids instead of roots

2. Has one vascular bundle in the leaves

3. psilotum

3. Division Lycophyta

1. Lycophytes belong to ancient subdivision

2. Have roots, non woody, and contain microphyll

3. Club mosses

4. Division Sphenophyta

1. Sphenophytes possess roots, microphyll leaves, and hollow jointed stem

2. Whorls of leaves occur on each joint, thus called horsetail

5. Division Pterophyta

1. Largest division and includes the fern

2. Evolved from early psilopsids

3. Contain large leaves which possess many vascular bundles

4. Grows lengthwise

5. Contain xylem as tracheids, not vessels

6. Do not produce seed, and sperm are flagellated and require water for fertilization

7. Grow from an underground stem called rhizome

6. Division Coniferophyta

1. Conifers

2. Largest grouping of gymnosperms

1. Naked seeded plants

2. Include cycads, pines, spruce, fir

3. Have cones

1. spiral clustered of modified leaves

2. Two types of cones

1. Large female cones that produce megaspore

2. Small male cones that produce microspores

4. Specialized cambium tissue allows for secondary growth in width and in length

5. Woody and usually evergreens

7. Division Anthrophyta

1. General

1. Flowering plants known as angiosperms

2. Have flowers, not cones

1. Anther of the male stamen produces microspores (pollen)

2. Ovary of the female pistil produces megaspores

3. Successful pollination results in germination of pollen tubes and develops into a seed within an ovary

3. Subclasses of angiosperms

1. Dicotyledons

1. Net veined leaves

2. Vascular bundles about a ring within central cylinder

3. Have two cotyledons within the seed

4. Have cambium and can be woody

5. Flower parts in 4 or 5

2. Monocotyledons

1. Parallel veins

2. Scattered vascular bundle

3. Seeds with single cotyledons

4. Do not possess cambium and therefore nonwoody

5. Flower parts in 3

Kingdom Animalia

1. General Characteristics of All Animals

1. Differentiation of tissues, organs, and organ systems

1. Simple animals have minimal differentiation

2. In more advanced, functions are divided into organs

2. Alimentation

1. Ingest foods in bulk, digests them, and eliminate the remains

3. Locomotion

1. All animals have some form of locomotion to acquire nutrients

1. Also for protection, mate selection, and reproduction

2. Some are sessile but can create currents to trap food

4. Bilateral symmetry

1. Left and right side mirror images

1. Echinoderms and cnidarians are radially symmetrical

2. Head is anteriorly

5. Nervous System

1. System for receiving stimuli and control their action

2. Higher animals have sense organs, brain centers for coordination

6. Chemical Coordinating System

1. Hormones secretion that work with the nervous system

2. Maintain the body in homeostasis

2. Porifera (Sponges)

1. 2 layers of cells, pores

2. Sessile

3. Have low degree of cellular specialization

3. Cnidarians

1. Also called coelenterates

2. Contain a digestive sac that is sealed at one end (so intake and expelling out through mouth)

3. Two layers of cell only

1. Ectoderm

2. Endoderm

4. Have specialized cells like tentacles, stinging cells, and nerve net

5. Examples: hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral

4. Platyhelminthes (flatworm)

1. Ribbon like that's bilaterally symmetrical

2. Three layers of cells including a solid mesoderm

3. No circulatory systems

4. Nervous system consists of eye, simple brain ganglion, and pair of longitudinal nerve cords

5. Nematoda (round worm)

1. Round worms with long digestive tube and an anus

2. Solid mesoderm present

3. Lack circulatory system

4. Possess nerve cords and anterior nerve ring

5. Examples: hookworm, trichina, soil nematods

6. Annelida (segmented worm)

1. Segmented worms with a true coelom (body cavity)

2. Well defined system with nervous, circulatory, and excretory system

3. Examples: earthworms, leeches

7. Mollusca

1. Softbodied and possess mantles that secrets calcareous

2. Calcareous is calcium carbonate exoskeleton

3. Breathe by gills and contain chambered hearts, blood sinuses, and pair of ventral nerve cords

4. Examples: clams, snails, and squid

8. Arthropoda

1. Joint appendages, chitinous exoskeletons, and open circulatory system

1. Insects

1. Possess three pairs of legs, spiracles, and trachael tubes

2. Arachnids

1. Have four pairs of legs, book lungs for breathing

3. Crustaceans

1. segmented body with variable number of appendages and posses gills

2. Examples: lobster, crayfish, shrimp

9. Echinoderms

1. Spiny radially symmetrical

2. Contains water-vascular system

3. Possess capacity for regeneration of parts

4. Examples: starfish, sea urchin

10. Chordates

1. General

1. Characterized by stiff dorsal rod called notochord

2. Paired gill slits and tail extending beyond the anus at some point in development

3. Some are chordates, but not vertebrates

1. Lancelets and tunicates

4. Vertebrates

1. Most advanced subphylum of chordates

2. Includes: amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals

3. Also possess bones called vertebrate that form the backbone

4. Bony vertebrae replaces the notochord of the embryo

1. Protects the nerve cord

5. Bony case protects the brain

2. Fish

1. Possess two chambered heart, gills, and have external fertilization

2. Jawless-fish

1. Eel-like

2. Retains notochord throughout life

3. Cartilaginous internal skeleton

4. Sucking mouth

5. Examples: lamprey and hagfish

3. Cartilaginous fish

1. Possess jaws and teeth

2. Reduced notochord

3. Sharks

4. Bony fish

1. Scales

2. Lack notochord

3. Most fishes

3. Amphibia

1. Have a larval stage in water

1. Like tadpole

1. Possess gill, tail, no legs

2. Adult lives on land

1. Has lungs, two pairs of legs, no tail, three chambered heart

2. Eggs laid in water with jelly secretion

3. Examples: frogs, salamander, toad, newt

4. Reptiles

1. Terrestrial animals

2. Breathe air by lungs

3. Lay leathery eggs and uses internal fertilization

4. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic)

5. Have scales, and three chambered heart

5. Birds

1. Four chambered hearts

2. Warmblooded (homeothermic)

3. Eggs surrounded by shell

6. Mammals

1. Warm blooded animals that feed their offspring with milk from mammary gland

1. Monetremes

1. Lay leathery eggs

2. Horny bills

3. Milk glands with numerous openings, no nipples

4. Example: duckbill platypus, spiny anteater

2. Marsupials

1. Pouched mammals

2. Embryo development in uterus

1. Completes development while attached to nipples in abdominal pouch

3. Examples: kangaroo, opossum

3. Placental mammals

1. Embryos developing fully in the uterus

2. Placenta attaches the embryo to the uterine wall and provided exchange for food, wastes, oxygen, etc

Examples: whale, mouse, bat, man